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Introduction: Ambulance personnel are often the first people to encounter patients needing emergency care. As they are the first healthcare systems who interface the patients and their relatives so they are susceptible to threat reactions and violence. Therefore unclearness of the threats nature against the ambulance staff and also their frequencies was the purpose of current study.
Methods: This was an observational cross-sectional study which was carried out in the primary health care centers in Mazandaran University of medical sciences from January 2016 to august 2017. All   nurses available during the field work of the study in the primary health care centers (157 persons) were enrolled this study. The tool for data collection was a self-administered questionnaire. Data were imported to the SPSS v19 for both data analysis and tabular presentation.
Findings: 57 of respondents (35.2%) experienced physical violence. 110 (67.9%) of the personnel had been exposed to forms of verbal aggression. There was a significant relationship between the patient’s age and occurrence of both verbal aggression and physical violence (P=0.067) and patients who were younger had more aggressive behavior (P=0.083). But there was not significant relationship between the site of staff duty and aggressions. No incidence of racial or sexual aggression was found in our study. The results regard to coping with the violence was “inviting to calm” in more than half of cases 64 of 113 (56.6%).
Conclusion: This study shows that threats and violence are a frequently occurring work-place problem within ambulance services.

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Introduction: Determining the frequency distribution of injuries caused by motor accidents in patients referred to emergency department of a trauma center Hospital in north of iran
Methods: The statistical population of our study was all patients with injuries due to motor accidents to emergency department of Imam Khomeini Hospital from April 2015 to April 2018. In this longitudinal descriptive study, all stages of the collection of information through the student's application file have been completed. Information included in the checklist includes demographic information, type of lesion, location of the lesion, multiple scales, vehicle type and level of consciousness. For statistical analysis, variables were first described based on descriptive statistics method including mean ± standard deviation for quantitative variables such as age and frequency tables for qualitative variables such as type of injury. In order to compare the type of injuries in both sexes and location and age comparison in a variety of injuries, Chi square or Fisher exact test, T test and variance analysis test were used.
Findings: Based on these results, head and neck, right lower organs, and right upper organs had 37.4%, 12.2% and 12% of total highest percentage of lesion site, respectively. People with at least one type of lesion had 67.8% of the injured in the head and neck, 22.1% of the patients suffered damage to the right lower organs and 21.8% of the patients had injury in right upper organs. The non-penetrating type of lesion (89.3%) is more abundant than penetrating lesion. To investigate the frequency of para-clinical type in individuals, FAST sonography has the highest frequency and total percentage in all kinds of para-clinics (31.7%)
Conclusion: According to the conducted studies and the results of this study, it can be concluded that the prevention of injuries caused by accidents can be used to correctly teach the use of helmets for motorcyclists and seat belts for car occupants, Also, due to the high prevalence of head lobe lesions, special attention should be given to the correct transmission of patients to the emergency department.