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Background- Recent studies have reported the high prevalence of different degrees of vitamin D deficiency in Iran. The present study was conducted to determine the correlation between serum levels of vitamin D and Peak Bone Mass (PBM) in a group of Iranian population at the age of PBM.

Material & Methods- The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 20-35 year-old adults participating in the first phase of the Iranian Multicentric Osteoporosis Study (IMOS). The correlation between serum levels of 25(OH)D and BMD values were assessed by Spearman correlation coefficient.

Results-1941 individuals were studied. There was no significant difference between BMD  values at the studied areas with vitamin D levels nor status groups in either gender.

Conclusion- Our study revealed no association between serum vitamin D levels and BMD in individuals at the age of PBM.

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Introduction: Rupturing of fetal membranes before week 37 is called preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROMs). The pathogenesis of PPROM is not definite but it seems that many mechanical and physiological etiologies are involved. As the most important risk factors, having a late history of the same disease, genital infection, prepartum bleeding and smoking can be named. Premature rupture of the membranes is usually seen in preterm births and it accounts for about 1/3 of them. Methods: This interventional semi experiencing study was done on patients visiting the Sayyad Shirazi hospital in Gorgan with a chief complaint of leaking fluid in week 24 up to 34 of pregnancy. Noticeable neonatal complications in this study were birth time Apgar, admission in NICU, birth weight and IUGR. All of the neonates entered the study with a gestational age of fewer than 34 weeks and admitted with a diagnosis of probable sepsis. Neonates with congenital abnormalities, asphyxia, respirational distress syndrome, meconium aspiration syndrome and birth weight less than 1000 gram exited the study. Data was analyzed with SPSS16 statistical software and Chi2 test, independent T-test and ANOVA. Findings: Admission length time until labor in the group that did not receive antibiotics was less than the other group and average admission length time between the two groups was statistically meaningful (P=0.00). In the Group that received antibiotics, on order 25, 50 and 75 percent of patients had admission length time of 7, 4 and 12 days and these percentages for the other group are 5, 3 and 7 days. Also, there was not any significance difference between the other two variables, which are the type of labor and fever frequency, and chorioamnionitis. Conclusion: According to the results, usage of antibiotics lengthens the late stage of labor and it is probably effective in decreasing the premature neonate complications. Therefore using of antibiotics in premature rupture of amniotic fluid is suggested.

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Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a disease caused by excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH), and occurs because of individual parathyroid adenomas.in this report we discussed prgnant 25 female who suffered from as weakness, lethargy, nausea and vomiting . Primary experimental results suggested severe hypercalcemia. Ultrasonography of patient’s neck revealed a cystic thyroid nodule (12.8mm) in mid of right lube. The observation suggested normal parotid and submandibular glands.Based on ultrasound and MRI results, the patient received protective treatment. Early diagnosis can helpful to best managament of primary hyperparathyroidism especially during the pregnancy.

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The majority of adult diaphragmatic hernias is due to a chronic hiatal hernia or caused by a diaphragmatic hernia. Compared to other different forms of congenital hernias, Morgagni hernias are relatively rare. Here we introduce a case of a 73-year-old woman diagnosed with Morgagni Hernia and the choice of treatment used for the patient. The patient, a 73-year-old woman, presented with abdominal pain with the onset of 10 days prior to her visit. In the chest x-ray silhouette sign on the right side border of the heart was seen that suggested a Morgagni hernia as our primary differential diagnosis. The patient was discharged 3 days after the operation. Studies show that a Morgagni hernia should be a differential diagnosis for any patient that presents with unspecific abdominal pain or respiratory symptoms.

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Background: Cushing’s syndrome is a rare disease caused by excessive secretion of cortisol by adrenal cortex (hypercortisolism). Bilateral adrenal hyperplasia due to increased secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by pituitary gland is usually known as the main cause of Cushing’s syndrome. The 5-year survival rate for patient with Cushing’s syndrome is approximately 50% unless associated with treatment. Etiologic diagnosis therefore plays an important role in prompt treatment. The purpose of this study is to inspect a Cushing’s syndrome with unknown cause. Case presentation: A 36-year-old married man with complaint of periorbital and upper trunk swelling (with no buffalo hump) and lower extremity weakness presented to doctor’s clinic. He also had a one-year history of blurred vision, hypertension, facial and periorbital edema and difficulty getting up from a sitting. After physical examinations and laboratory testing, diagnosis of Cushing’s disease with unknown cause was made and surgical removal of both adrenal glands was suggested. He underwent bilateral adrenalectomy in two separate operations and his symptoms gradually reduced during the next months. Conclusion: According to this study and other same case report studies conducted, surgical removal of adrenal gland is the most effective treatment if the patient does not respond to medication. Even if the cause of Cushing’s disease is not known, like the case mentioned.

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Background and aim: Taurodontism is one of the Morpho-Anatomical changes in the Shape of one or more Molars or pre molars. In this situation; the tooth's pulp chamber grows as big as the size of the root length. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of taurodont teeth by the use of panoramic radiographs.
Methods: This is a cross-sectional Study which is done on panoramic radiographs of the Patients referring to dental School Clinic. 493 panoramic radiographs for the patients age between 10 to 60 was evaluated randomly. The teeth were evaluated based on the criteria described by Schiffman and chanelle. In order to determine the general prevalence of taurodontism, the proportion of taurodont teeth was calculated to the total number of subjects and was reported in percentage of Cases. To compare the prevalence of Taurodontism in Maxilla and Mandible and in left or right Sections, chi-square Test was used. Also for determining the difference of severity of taurodontism in Jaw and quarted Chi-Square test was administered.
Results: 23 patients (67.4%) and (49.3%) of Studied teeth, had Taurodontism. According to Chi-square test, there is no meaningful relationship between gender variables and prevalence of taurodontism (p value = 0.267) The most prevalence of taurodontism was 83,47% simultaneously in Maxillary right first and second Molars, mandibullary left first and second Molars and as so maxillary left first molar and mandibular right First molar with 35,4% had the lowest prevalence.
Conclusion: in this study taurodontism was recognized in 23patients. The prevalence is estimated 67.4%.

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Introduction: Hospital infections and bacterial antibiotic resistance are numerous issues that have been reported worldwide over the years and lead to costly and long-term treatment options. The purpose of this study was to survey the prevalence of nosocomial bacterial infections and antibiotic resistance patterns of the bacteria in hospitalized patients admitted to a teaching hospital in the north of Iran.
Methods: This cross-sectional study performed by using available data and census methods on all patients with nosocomial infections (NIs) who were admitted to BO-ALI SINA hospital from March 2017 to March 2018. MS Excel 2016 and SPSS version 16.0 were used for statistical analysis.
Findings: Out of 517 patients with positive bacterial cultures, 57.3% were female. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Klebsiella pneumonia were the most prevalent agents of NIs. The highest infection rate in hospital wards was observed in internal medicine, neurology, and intensive care units, respectively. E. coli showed the highest resistance rate against ampicillin (88.7%) and cephalexin (74.2%).
Conclusion: Early recognition of the infections with proper infection control procedures can significantly decrease the incidence of nosocomial infections in hospitals. Various studies have shown that antibiotic resistance patterns are different in dissimilar regions. Increasing the antibiotic resistance can be a sign of improper use of antibiotics, indicating the need for more attention to it. Our findings can help physicians and health care staff to have better treatment options against the bacterial NIs.

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Backgrounds: This study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of massage therapy and mindfulness training on the symptoms of depression, anxiety and disability level in women with multiple sclerosis.

Method: This research is a quasi-experimental research that was conducted as a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. Massage exercises and mindfulness training were considered as independent variables and anxiety, depression, and disability level were considered as dependent variables. Prior to the implementation of the independent variable, all three groups were measured using the Beck Anxiety Inventory, Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) (online) and then, the independent variable (massage exercises and mindfulness training) was performed by the researcher for the two experimental groups. Independent variable (massage therapy) was presented in 5 sessions, 2 sessions per week, for 15 minutes and 8 sessions of mindfulness training for the two experimental groups. At the end of the sessions, post-test was taken from all three experimental and control groups. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (analysis of covariance) were used to analyze the data using SPSS22.

Result: The results of data analysis showed that the massage therapy protocol was more effective than mindfulness training in reducing anxiety and depression in women with multiple sclerosis and these two components had no effect on the level of disability in women.

Conclusion: massage therapy has a significant effect on the symptoms of depression, anxiety and disability level in women with multiple sclerosis. mindfulness has a significant effect on the symptoms of depression, anxiety and disability in women with multiple sclerosis. the effectiveness of massage therapy and mindfulness training on the symptoms of depression, anxiety and disability level in women with multiple sclerosis is different.

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Background: The aim of this study is to investigate the executive functions and educational achievement with an approach to Captain’s Log software.

Method:The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive and revisal in terms of method.

Result: The results showed that the issue of being successful in education is one of the most important concerns for the educational system in all societies. Educational achievement refers to the ability learned or acquired in school subjects, which is measured by standardized learning tests or teacher-made tests and means the amount of individual learning in the school so that they can be studied as factors related to individual differences and related to school and education system.

Conclusion: Studies have shown that delays in executive functions increase the likelihood of adaptation and learning problems, and it is important to pay attention to these functions in order to improve students' performance in academic subjects. Executive functions are a set of cognitive abilities that are responsible for self-regulation and goal-oriented behaviors that enable the individual to create new patterns of behavior and ways of thinking and reviewing thoughts.

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Background:
Medical students experience high stress during their studies. High levels of stress may negatively affect cognitive performance and learning in medical school students. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate stress factors in medical students of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences: a cross-sectional descriptive study in 2022.
Methods:
This is a cross-sectional descriptive study that was conducted on 100 medical students of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences in 2022. The tools of data collection in this study are two demographic information questionnaires and clinical stress factors questionnaire. Demographic information questionnaire includes: age, gender, academic semester and duration of internships. In order to evaluate the stress factors of the clinical environment, the Kack & Kleehammer questionnaire of the stress factors of the clinical environment was used.
Results:
The average tension of students was 2.20±0.66. The stress level of more than half of the students was at an average level (51%). The stress level was severe in 11% of medical students. Also, tension in female students was significantly higher than male students (P=0.032). Among the stress factors, "the high amount of material to be learned was reported as the highest stress factor for students.
Conclusion:
According to the results of this study, which showed that the highest level of stress-causing factors in medical students were related to academic issues, this area needs serious attention and planning to reduce the level of stress-causing factors.
 

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Students are the future generation of society, and their irrational beliefs and sense of agency can spread to society, especially if it is related to the problem of mathematical self-efficacy. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of determining the relationship between irrational beliefs and sense of agency with mathematical self-efficacy in students of Sirjan Azad University. The research was of the correlation type and the students were studying in the second semester of the academic year 1400-401 of the researched society. The sample was 351 students who were selected using the available method. The data were obtained by Jones (1969), mathematical self-efficacy of Betz and Hackett (1983), Rutter's sense of agency (1966). The data was analyzed by Pearson's correlation coefficient statistical method and SPSS software version 22. Data analysis showed that there is a significant relationship between irrational beliefs and sense of agency with math self-efficacy in students of Sirjan Azad University. Also, the results showed that there is a significant difference between male and female students in terms of irrational beliefs, sense of agency (p<0.001).

 

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According to the  many advances that have been made in the fight against diseases at the global level it souuld be said that dental caries  and body mass are  the multi-factorial diseases but are still considered as  the most common diseases in the world which  are studied along with body mass index (BMI) and dental caries index (DMFT) . In this study, which was conducted in a review method, we worked by using the  key words such as BMI, DMFT, children. Searching in reliable scientific databases in Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, Ovid Medline, WHO site, articles and theses published during the years 1998 to 2022, and finally 20 sources were selected and criticized, interpreted , was analyzed. It seems that due to the fact that both are multi-factorial indicators, as a result, some of the reviewed studies stated that these two indicators had a positive effect and others indicated that these two indicators had no effect. It is suggested that a supplementary study on the effect of these factors in relation to each other be done in the future.