1. 1- Arkevich, D.A., huriukanov, V.V., The descending cortical control of nociceptive signals: the neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacological control. Vestnik Rossiiskoi Akademii Meditsinskikh Nauk, 1998; 11(2):10-16.
2- Gordh, T.J., Jansson, I., Hartvig, P., Gillberg, P.G. and Post, C. Interactions between noradrenergic and cholinergic mechanisms involved in spinal nociceptive processing. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 1989; 33(1):39-47
3- Rashid, M.H. and Ueda, H., Neuropathy-specific analgesic action of intrathecal nicotinic agonists and its spinal GABA-mediated mechanism. Japanese Brain Research, 2002; 53(1-2): 53-62.
4- Louis S. Goodman and Alfred Gilman, Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 12th Edition. New York:2011, chapter 18, page 488
5- Dashti MH, Hejazian SH, Morshedi A, The analgesic effect of Carum Copticum extract and morphine on phasic pain in mice, Ethnopharmacol. 2007; 109 (2); 226-228
6- S.H. Hejazian, Analgesic effect of Essential Oil from Trachyspermum ammi in mice. WJMS2006; 1(2) 95-99.
7- Mohammad Hossein Dashti, Hassan Hejazian, Abbas Morshedi, The analgesic effect of Trachyspermum ammi extract and morphine on phasic pain in mice, Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2007; 109(2): 226–228.
8- Seyed .Hassan .Hejazian : Analgesic effect of Essential Oil from carum copticum in mice WJMS 2006: 1(2) 95-99.
9- de Almeida LF, Frei F, Mancini E, De Martino L, De Feo V. Phytotoxic activities of Mediterranean essential oils. Molecules. 2010; Jun 14;15(6):4309-23.
10- Dadkhah A, Allameh A, Khalafi H, Ashrafihelan JInhibitory effects of dietary caraway essential oils on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon carcinogenesis is mediated by liver xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes. Nutr Cancer. 2011; 63(1):46-54.
11- Leonhardt V, Leal-Cardoso JH, Lahlou S, Albuquerque AA, Porto RS, Celedônio NR, Oliveira AC, Pereira RF, Silva LP, Garcia-Teófilo TM, Silva AP, Magalhães PJ, Duarte GP, Coelho-de-Souza AN Antispasmodic effects of essential oil of Pterodon polygalaeflorus and its main constituent β-caryophyllene on rat isolated ileum. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2010; Dec;24(6):749-58.
12- Abdolali Mohagheghzadeh , Pouya Faridi, Younes Ghasemi, Carum copticum Benth. &Hook. Essential oil chemotypes Food Chemistry. 2007; 100, 3, 1217-1219
13- Boskabady MH, Shaikhi J. Inhibitory effect of Carum Copticum on histamine (H1) receptors of isolated guinea-pig tracheal chain. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2000; 69: 217-27
14- Boskababy MH, Jandaghi P, Kiani S,Hasanzadeh L, Antitussive effect of Carum Copticum in guinea pig, Ethnopharmacol. 2005; Feb 10:97(1); 79-82.
15-Singh G, Kappor Ip, Pandey Sk, Singh Rk. Studies on essential olis: part 10: antibacterial activity of volatile oils of some spices. Phytother Rex. 2002; 16 (7): 680-2.
16- Nackarinis K M. India Materia Medica. Bombay: Popular Prakastan 1976:1028.
17- Vasudevan. K, Vembar S, veeara gharam K. Harmth PS. Influence of intra gastric perfusion of aguaus spice extracts in acid secration in anesthetized albino rats. Dep pf Pharamcology. Mutiab Medical college Indian J. gastero, intestinal. 2000; Apr. Jum 19(2) 53-6.
18-Boskabady MH,Khatami A,Nazari APossible mechanism(s) for relaxant effects of Foeniculum vulgare on guinea pig tracheal chains.Pharmazie. 2004; Jul;59(7):561-4
19- Rezvani ME, roohbakhsh A, Mosaddegh MH, Esmailidehaj M, Khaloobagheri F, Esmaeili H. Anticonvulsant and depressant effects of aqueous extracts of Carum copticum seeds in male rats.Epilepsy Behav. 2011; Oct;22(2):220-5
20- Deb DD, Parimala G, Devi SS, Chakrabarti T.Role of Carum copticum seeds in modulating chromium-induced toxicity on human bronchial epithelial cells and human peripheral blood lymphocytes.Exp Toxicol Pathol. 2011; Apr 22. (Epub ahead of print)
21- Bairwa R1, Sodha RS, Rajawat BS Trachyspermum ammi. Pharmacogn Rev. 2012 Jan;6(11):56-60. doi: 10.4103/0973-7847.95871.
22- Ghasemi Dehkordi, N. "Herbal Pharmacopeia of Iran." Tehran: Research Vice councellor of Ministry of Health of Iran, Drug and Food Vise councelor1992: 15-33.
23- Aisha Azmat, Khawaja Zafar Ahmed*, Muhammed Ahmed , Bilquis Tariq, Antinociceptive effects of poly herbal oil extracts (PHOE) Pakistan Journal of Pharmacology Vol.23, No.2, July 2006, pp.1-7
24-mohammad hossein dashti,hassan hejazian,abbas morshedi,The analgesic effect of Carum copticum extract and morphine on phasic pain in mice, Journal of Ethnopharmacology. Volume 109, Issue 2, 19 January 2007, Pages 226–228
25- S.H.Hejazian, Analgesic effect of Essential Oil from carum copticum in mice WJMS2006; 1(2) 95-99
26- Dubuisson, D., Dennis.S.G., The formalin test: a quantitive study of the analgesic effects of morphine, mepridine and brain stem stimulation in rats and cats. Journal of pain, 1977;4(2):161-74
27- Akitsugu Harada, Kenji Honda, Yokio Takano, Hiro O kamiya. Involvement of M3 muscarinic receptors of the spinal cord in formalin-induced nociception in mice, journal of brain research. 2000; 859(1):38-44
28- C.S.Lino,P.B.Gomes,P.L.Lucetti., Evaluation of antinociceptive and antiinflammatory activities of the essential oil (EO) of Ocimum micranthum Willd. Northeastern Brazil phytotherapy research. 2005;19(8): 708-712
29- Golbidi, Saeid, et al. "Involvement of calmodulin inhibition in analgesia induced with low doses of intrathecal trifluoperazine." The Japanese journal of pharmacology 2002; 88.2 : 151-157.
30- Bardin, Laurent, Jeannine Lavarenne, and Alain Eschalier. "Serotonin receptor subtypes involved in the spinal antinociceptive effect of 5-HT in rats." Pain 86.1 (2000): 11-18.
31-Yamamoto A1, Kiguchi N, Kobayashi Y, Maeda T, Ueno K, Yamamoto C, Kishioka S Pharmacological relationship between nicotinic and opioid systems in analgesia and corticosterone elevation. Life Sci. 2011 Dec 19;89(25-26):956-61. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.10.004. Epub 2011 Oct 20.
32-Motel WC1, Coop A, Cunningham CW. Cholinergic modulation by opioid receptor ligands: potential application to Alzheimer's disease. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2013 Mar;13(3):456-66.
33-Eisenach.J.C., Muscarinic-mediated analgesia,Journal of life sci. 1999;64(6-7):549-554
34- Malec.D. Cholinergic influences on opioids activity in rats.,Journal of Pol J Pharmacol Pharm,. 1982;34(1-3):85-92
35- Zhang H.L.Han R, Gu Z,L.Chen.Z.X,Chen .B.W. A short-chain alpha-neurotoxin from Naja naja atra produces potent cholinergic-dependent analgesia. Journal of Neurosci Bull. 2006;22(2):103-109
36- Chen-Yo Chiang,Min Zhu. Evidence of involvement of a descending cholinergic pathway in systemic morphine analgesia.Journal of brain research Elsevier. 1989;478:293-300