Journal of Emergency Health Care
Formerly known as: International Journal of Medical Investigation
Volume 15, Issue 1 (2-2026)
J Emerg Health Care 2026, 15(1): 0-0 |
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Mahdavi M, Hosseinzadeh A A. Predicting Self-Handicapping Based on Early Maladaptive Schemas, Cognitive Avoidance, and Tolerance of Ambiguity. J Emerg Health Care 2026; 15 (1) : 11
URL: http://intjmi.com/article-1-1381-en.html
URL: http://intjmi.com/article-1-1381-en.html
Department of Clinical Psychology, Ayatollah Amoli Azad University, Amol, Iran.
Abstract: (2 Views)
Objective: The present study was conducted to predict self-handicapping based on early maladaptive schemas, cognitive avoidance, and tolerance of ambiguity.
Method: The research method was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population included all students of Islamic Azad University, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, during the 2024-2025 academic year. From this population, a sample of 150 individuals was selected using convenience sampling. The participants responded to the Young Early Maladaptive Schema Questionnaire (2005), Sexton and Dugas’s Cognitive Avoidance Questionnaire (2008), McLain’s Tolerance of Ambiguity Scale (1993), and Midgley’s Self-Handicapping Scale (2001). Data were analyzed using hierarchical regression analysis and regression coefficients.
Results: The research findings indicated that the domains of impaired autonomy and performance (β = 0.227, p = 0.01), impaired limits (β = 0.173, p = 0.01), and other-directedness (β = 0.311, p = 0.001) had a positive and significant relationship with self-handicapping. Furthermore, the regression coefficient for cognitive avoidance (β = 0.195, p = 0.01) was statistically significant, and tolerance of ambiguity (β = -0.187, p = 0.001) significantly predicted self-handicapping. Therefore, the roles of early maladaptive schemas, cognitive avoidance, and tolerance of ambiguity in students' self-handicapping are emphasized.
Conclusion: Beyond aligning with theoretical perspectives such as Young’s Schema Therapy and cognitive-behavioral models, the findings highlight the importance of psychological interventions based on cognitive restructuring, increasing tolerance of ambiguity, and schema therapy in preventing self-handicapping among the student population.
Method: The research method was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population included all students of Islamic Azad University, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, during the 2024-2025 academic year. From this population, a sample of 150 individuals was selected using convenience sampling. The participants responded to the Young Early Maladaptive Schema Questionnaire (2005), Sexton and Dugas’s Cognitive Avoidance Questionnaire (2008), McLain’s Tolerance of Ambiguity Scale (1993), and Midgley’s Self-Handicapping Scale (2001). Data were analyzed using hierarchical regression analysis and regression coefficients.
Results: The research findings indicated that the domains of impaired autonomy and performance (β = 0.227, p = 0.01), impaired limits (β = 0.173, p = 0.01), and other-directedness (β = 0.311, p = 0.001) had a positive and significant relationship with self-handicapping. Furthermore, the regression coefficient for cognitive avoidance (β = 0.195, p = 0.01) was statistically significant, and tolerance of ambiguity (β = -0.187, p = 0.001) significantly predicted self-handicapping. Therefore, the roles of early maladaptive schemas, cognitive avoidance, and tolerance of ambiguity in students' self-handicapping are emphasized.
Conclusion: Beyond aligning with theoretical perspectives such as Young’s Schema Therapy and cognitive-behavioral models, the findings highlight the importance of psychological interventions based on cognitive restructuring, increasing tolerance of ambiguity, and schema therapy in preventing self-handicapping among the student population.
Article number: 11
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